| When | What | Where/Who | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1966 | Shakey | Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, SRI (Stanford Research Institute), group led by Charles Rosen | Wheeled platform with planning and automated navigation capabilities using a camera, ultrasonic-, and touch sensors. | Nilsson, N. J. (1969). A mobile automaton: An application of artificial intelligence techniques. In IJCAI, pages 509-520. |
| 1970 | Stanford Cart | Stanford University, Hans Moravec | wheeled platform with a TV-camera, could plan a path through cluttered environment at a speed of 1m/15 min. Lead to development of the CMU Rover in 1981 | Moravec, H. (1982). The cmu rover. In Proceedings of AAAI-82, pages 377-380. |
| 1977 | The Intelligent Vehicle | Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Lab, Japan. Developers were Tsugawa, Hirose and Yatabe | tracked lane markers using stereo vision, speeds of 30 km/h | Tsugawa, S. (1993). Vision-based vehicles in japan: the machine vision systems and driving control systems. In Industrial Electronics, 1993. Conference Proceedings, ISIE'93 - Budapest., IEEE International Symposium on. |
| 1987 | VaMoRs vehicle | UBM, group led by E. D. Dickmanns | 20 km at speeds up to 96 km/h, highway entring maneuvers from acceleration strip | Dickmanns, E. D. (1998). Vehicles capable of dynamic vision: a new breed of technical beings? AI, 103:49-76. |
| 1995 | VITA II vehicle and twin VaMP | UBM, group led by E. D. Dickmanns | driving on normal three-lane highway traffic, 130 km/h, lane changing, convoy driving, overtaking. | Dickmanns, E. D. (1998). Vehicles capable of dynamic vision: a new breed of technical beings? AI, 103:49-76. |
| 1995 | VaMP vehicle | UBM, group led by E. D. Dickmanns | 1600 km at speeds up to 180 km/h, only 5\% human intervention, using black and white cameras only | Dickmanns, E. (2002). The development of machine vision for road vehicles in the last decade. In Intelligent Vehicle Symposium, IEEE. |
| 1995 | NavLab 5 vehicle, "No Hands Across America" | CMU, Dean Pomerleau and Todd Jochem | 5000 km, 1.8\% human intervention, lateral control only | Pomerleau, D. (1995). Ralph: Rapidly adapting lateral position handler. In IEEE Symposium on Intelligent Vehicles, pages 506 - 511. |
| 1998 | ARGO vehicle, "Mille Miglia in Automatico" | University di Parma, Bertozzi, Broggi, Fascioli | 2000 km at speeds up to 90km/h, 6\% human intervention, using stereovision | Broggi, A., Fascioli, A., and Bertozzi, M. (1999). The Argo Autonomous Vehicle: The Experience of the ARGO Autonomous Vehicle. World Scienti c Pub Co. |
| 2004 | DARPA Grand Challenge | no winner | - | - |
| 2005 | Stanley robot wins DARPA Grand Challenge | Stanford, group led by Sebastian Thrun | 140 miles rough terrain, featuring various sensors including GPS and laser range finders | Thrun, S., Montemerlo, M., Dahlkamp, H., Stavens, D., Aron, A., Diebel, J., Fong, P., Gale, J., Halpenny, M., Ho mann, G., Lau, K., Oakley, C., Palatucci, M., Pratt, V., Stang, P., Strohband, S., Dupont, C., Jendrossek, L. E., Koelen, C., Markey, C., Rummel, C., van Niekerk, J., Jensen, E., Alessandrini, P., Bradski, G., Davies, B., Ettinger, S., Kaehler, A., Ne an, A., and Mahoney, P. (2006). Stanley: The robot that won the darpa grand challenge:. J. Robot. Syst., 23(9):661-692. |
| 2007 | Boss robot wins DARPA Urban Challenge | CMU and General Motors, group led by William "Red" Whittaker | road driving, merging into moving traffic, intersections, parking | Urmson, C., Anhalt, J., Bagnell, D., Baker, C., Bittner, R., Dolan, J., Dug- gins, D., Ferguson, D., Galatali, T., Geyer, C., Gittleman, M., Harbaugh, S., Hebert, M., Howard, T., Kelly, A., Kohanbash, D., Likhachev, M., Miller, N., Peterson, K., Rajkumar, R., Rybski, P., Salesky, B., Scherer, S., Woo-Seo, Y., Simmons, R., Singh, S., Snider, J., Stentz, A., Whittaker, W. ., and Ziglar, J. (2007). Tartan racing: A multi-modal approach to the darpa urban challenge. Darpa Technical Report. |